Couple of SEO questions

Moving forward it's all about doing things "naturally". What you're doing doesn't sound too natural. But to answer your question yes Google is smart enough to know that each page got 100 links and that the domain as a whole got 500 new links.

Think about this from Google's perspective. Wouldn't it seem a bit odd that those 5 pages all got the exact same amount of links? Especially if they are from the same sites?

Now with that said I can think of a circumstance where something like that could be natural. Lets say you have profiles on 100 social media sites like twitter, linkedin, facebook, digg, delicious and so on. It could be seen as natural for you to push out new blog posts to your own social networks.

When doing any SEO just make sure there's more value to what you're doing than just Google rankings. For example a guest post on another blog can bring you really good referral traffic and it can be great for branding to get your name in front of their audience. As an added bonus a link from a guest post will also help your rankings.

If you can get links that provide value outside of rankings then those links are much more likely to last and not be penalized by Google.

I hope I didn't ramble on too much and good luck!

Apply SEO to more inner pages is really healthy, But getting 500 links for a domain (Even pointing to home page or inner pages or whatsoever) is increasing chances to get penalty from Google. It is better to spread those 500 links over at least 2-3 weeks time, even you are pointing to various pages on your site, ultimately you are getting links for a single domain

Yes, Using the keywords in anchor text is very important on getting rank for a keyword.

1 - Yeah google sees all of them. the total number of links per domain is what google is looking at to judge whether or not it is natural or not. examine other sites that target the keyword(s) you are targeting to make sure your total inbound links are not suspicious

2 - serp results is a complex algorithm, it cant really be described as simply that it "counts" or it doesn't count.

lets just say that for targetting the keyword "example", the following is likely true

"example" external seo > "example keyword one" external seo > no text backlink.

That being said, with the most recent updates you should probably not be heavily targeting a small amount of keywords for links, as the most punished sites from penguin generally had a high % of contextual links pointing to one or few "main" keywords. For your example again, you should not only be building links to "example", "example keyword", and "example keyword one", but for phrases like "types of example", "how to example keyword one", "example keyword reviews", "most popular example", etc - as well as plain links back to your domain. You want to build as "natural" of a link portfolio as possible

Thanks for the great help, bloghands,Theeban and petzergling