Can You Get Rid of Date Or Image meta in SERPS?

When I research my articles in SERPS, Google usually puts the date at the start of the meta description, but not always.

I tried not dating my posts, and then Google put the image meta description at the start in SERPS instead - I always have an image at the top of my articles.

Sometimes Google puts the date and the image meta tags at the start of my SERPS.

Question 1: do these dates and or image detail characters use up part of my meta description 'allowance' of 150 characters, or are they in addition to my ~150?

I think they must subtract from the 150, because most people only get about 130 - 135 characters of meta description displayed at most.

Question 2: If these extra characters are subtracting from my 'allowed number of characters' is there a way to stop Google putting them there and reducing the length of my visible meta description in SERPS?

I see some SERPS where no date, or image labeling info is shown at all, so all their 150 characters are being used for the actual meta description of the article.

I'd like to be able to do that, but how?